Substantivul - limba engleza

2. Genul feminin (care se inlocuiesc cu pronumele personal she)

Exemple: woman, mother, girl, actress, sister.

3. Genul neutru (nume de lucruri, obiecte si animale; se inlocuiesc cu pronumele personal it

Exemple: cat, dog, pencil, butterfly, car, notebook.

C. Numarul substantivelor

Substantivele pot fi la singular sau la plural.

Formarea pluralului:
a) pluralul cu '-s'

Exemple:
a dog ---> two dogs
a school ---> two schools
a car ---> two cars
a book ---> two books

b) pluralul cu '-es' (pentru substantivele care au terminatia in -s, -x, -z, -ch, -sh)

Exemple:
a bus ---> two buses
a fax ---> two faxes
a church ---> two churches

Atentie:
a tomato ---> two tomatoes
a potato ---> two potatoes

dar
radio ---> radios
photo ---> photos

c) pluralul cu '-ies' (pentru substantivele care au terminatia in -y)

Exemple:
lady ---> ladies
baby ---> babies
fly ---> flies

dar:
day ---> days
boy ---> boys

Reguli:
- pentru substantivele care se termina in y precedat de o consoana, pluralul se va face in -ies
- pentru substantivele care se termina in y precedat de o vocala, pluralul se va face in -s

d) pluralul cu '-ves' (pentru substantivele care au terminatia in -f sau -fe)

Exemple:
leaf ---> leaves
calf ---> calves
shelf ---> shelves
wife ---> wives
wolf ---> wolves

Exceptii:
chief ---> chiefs
proof ---> proofs
belief ---> beliefs

e) pluralele neregulate

Exemple:
child ---> children
man ---> men
woman ---> women
foot ---> feet
goose ---> geese
mouse ---> mice
tooth ---> teeth

f) substantive invariabile care nu primesc '-s'

Exemple:
deer (cerb)
duck (rata)
sheep (oaie)
trout (pastrav)
fish (peste)
fruit (fructe)

g) substantivele cu sens colectiv care nu au forma de plural

Exemple:
advice (sfat)
baggage (bagaj)
luggage (bagaje)
information (informatii)
furniture (mobila)
people (oameni)
crowd (multime)
police (politie)

h) pluralul substantivelor proprii

Exemple:
the Browns
the Johnsons
the Thompsons

D. Substantive compuse

Exemple:
classroom
schoolboy
schoolgirl
blackboard
dining-room
breakfast

Exercitii:

1. Alcatuiti pluralul urmatoarelor substantive

table --->
clock --->
leaf --->
gentleman --->
baby --->
tooth --->
friend --->
city --->
life --->
chief --->

2. Inlocuiti substantivele urmatoare cu pronumele personal potrivit:

the girl ---
the dog ---
the actor ---
the schoolboy ---
the pencil ---
the grandmother ---

3. Alcatuiti cat mai multe substantive compuse cu ajutorul urmatoarelor cuvinte

dining, bird, school, class, kinder, mate, room, boy, father, black, book, girl, board, living, garden, note, exercise, parents, grand.