Concordanta timpurilor – limba engleza

CONCORDANTA TIMPURILOR – LIMBA ENGLEZA

    Concordanta timpurilor se aplica, desigur, nu in propozitii, ci in fraze. Ea consta in aceea ca folosirea unui anumit timp in propozitia principala obliga la folosirea unui timp adecvat in propozitia secundara. Ce inseamna „un timp adecvat' se va vedea in continuare.

Propozitia principala

un timp „present'

    Present Tense Simple, Present Tense Continuous, Present Perfect Simple, Present Perfect Continuous

Propozitia secundara

    Orice timp cerut de sens

Propozitia principala

2. un timp „past'
    Past Tense Simple, Past Tense Continuous, Past Perfect Simple, Past Perfect Continuous

Propozitia secundara

    Orice alt timp „past'
    Ex. a) Past Tense – actiune simultana – Past Tense
    He said he was ill.
    (El a spus ca este bolnav.)
    He said he was going to school.
    (El a spus ca merge la scola.)
    b) Past Tense – actiune anterioara – Past Perfect
    He said he had returned home a week before.
    (El a spus ca se intorsese acasa cu o saptamana inainte.)
    I arrived home after it had stopped raining.
    (Am ajuns acasa dupa ce incetase ploaia.)

Nota 1: Daca intr-o fraza exista doua propozitii secundara cu actiunea anterioara celei din principala, se poate folosi Past Perfect in mod repetat.

Ex. She said she had forgotten where she had put her glasses.
    (Ea a spus ca uitase unde si-a pus ochelarii.)
    c) Past Tense – actiunea posterioara – Future-in-the-Past
    He said he would leave the next day.
    (El a spus ca va pleca a doua zi.)
    She promised her mother she would help her.
    (Ea i-a promis mamei sale ca o va ajuta.)

Nota 2: Daca intr-o fraza exista doua propozitii secundare cu actiune posterioara celei din principala, dintre care una este temporala sau conditionala. Future-in-the-Past se poate folosi numai o singura data, dupa care (in temporala sau conditionala) se intrebuinteaza Past Tense (pentru simultaneitate) sau Past Perfect (pentru anterioritate).

Ex. He said he would come to see me when he had time.
    (El a spus ca va veni sa ma vada cand va avea timp.)
    He said he would come to see me after he had finished work.
    (El a spus ca va veni sa ma vada dupa ce va termina lucrul.)
    He said he would buy a car if he had money.
    (El a spus ca va cumpara o masina daca va avea bani.)

un timp „future'

Teoretic se poate folosi orice timp cerut de sens, cu exceptia propozitii temporale sau conditionale, care nu pot include un verb la viitor.
Situatiile cel mai des intalnite sunt urmatoarele:

a.     Future – actiune simultana – Present

I will read this book when I have time.
(Voi citi aceasta carte cand voi avea timp.)
I will have finished studying when you come home.
(Voi fi terminat de studiat cand vei veni tu acasa.)

b.     Future – actiune anterioara – Present Perfect

I will go to England after I have received a visa.
(Voi merge in Anglia dupa ce voi obtine viza.)

Exceptii de la concordanta timpurilor

cand propozitia secundara exprima un adevar general valabil.
Ex. The teacher told the pupils water boils at 100 ^oC.
Profesorul le-a spus elevilor ca apa fierbe la 100 ^oC.

cand propozitia secundara este atributiva.
Ex. The book I am reading now was given to me by my brother.
Cartea pe care o citesc acum mi-a fost data de fratele meu.

Cand propozitia secundara este comparativa.

Ex. Last year I worked more than I have done this year.
     Anul trecut am muncit mai mult decat anul acesta.

Nota: In limba engleza contemporana, se poate observa uneori o oarecare tendinta de a nu se respecta concordanta timpurilor atunci cand verbul din propozitia principala este la trecut. Se poate intalni, de exemplu, o formulare de tipul: „He said he loves me'. Este posibil ca ceea ce apare acum ca tendinta, cu timpul, sa ajunga regula. Pentru moment insa, sfatuim pe vorbitorii romani de limba engleza sa respecte regulile de concordanta a timpurilor asa cum sunt prezentate mai sus.

Exercitii cu concordanta timpurilor

Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul corect (Past Tense Simple sau Continuous), avand in vedere simultaneitatea actiunilor din propozitia principala si cea secundara:

It was clear they (talk) business again.

I believed you (be) at the seaside.

I understood you (be) a painter.

They didn’t know that I (play) football.

He realized he (not remember) John’s phone number.

I was not sure if you (speak) English.

Looking out of the window, she saw the sun (shine) brightly.

He asked me if I usually (read) that newspaper.

You didn’t tell me you (have to) type this report.

He was in a hurry because he (want) to catch the train.

Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul corect (Past Perfect Simple sau Continuous), tinand seama de relatia de anterioritate exprimata de verbul din propozitia principala sau din cea secundara:

She told me his name after he (leave).

She didn’t even say thank you after all I (do) for her.

After I (hear) the news, I congratulated him.

When I arrived, the concert already (begin).

When it started to rain, we (dig) in the garden for an hour.

He didn’t admit that he (steal) the book.

He just (leave) home when he came across John.

Yesterday I bought a new umbrella because I (lose) my old one.

When he finally reached London, he was tired because he (travel) for three days.

I didn’t think that book to be a nice birthday present for you because I (read) it and I (not enjoy) it.

Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul Future-in-the-Past, avand in vedere faptul ca propozitia secundara exprima o actiune posterioara celei din principala:

They said they (remain) at the seaside for another week.

He hoped he (finish) reading the book in two days.

I thought you soon (have) a holiday.

I was not sure I (remain) at home that evening.

He believed the strike (end) very soon.

He promised he (drive) me home.

We all believed he (win) the competition.

As wages had gone up, we supposed prices (go up), too.

He was sure he (pass) the exam and he promised he (give) a party afterwards.

When I heard the main actor was ill, I was sue the performance (be cancelled).

Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul Present Simple sau Present Perfect Simple:

Lucrare: Nuvela Popa Tanda de Ioan Slavici - demonstratia ca este nuvela Eseu: Ultima noapte de dragoste - roman modern de tip subiectiv - constructia subiectului si conflictul din roman

I will pay my debts after I (receive) my salary.

We shall start dinner as soon as the guests (arrive).

By the time you (finish) translating the text, I shall have typed all the letters.

After he (repair) the car, he will drive to Sinaia.

I will buy a car when I (have) enough money.

You will be surprised when you (see) how well she (look).

You will be surprised when you (see) how much she (change).

As soon as the holidays (begin), this beach will become very crowded.

I will go on playing the piano till he (tell) me to stop.

After she (learn) to type, she will take a job as a secretary.

He will write to me after he (arrive) in England.

The train will have left before we (reach) the station.

When their first baby (be born), they will have been married for five years.

When I (finish) the book, I will lend it to you.

I will never forget what you just (tell ) me.

Your mother will be upset when she (notice) you (break) the vase.

You will get a shock when you (see) the mess in that room.

You won’t be able to speak about this book till you (read) it.

It is said that one Englishman will not speak to another before they (be) introduced.

After you (drink) a coffee, you will feel better.

5. Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul corect, tinand seama de exceptiile de la concordanta timpurilor:

I didn’t know at what temperature this metal (melt).

The teacher told the pupils what the capital of Mexico (be).

I wasn’t aware German (be) such a difficult language.

In 1998, the Romanians travelled less than they (do) this year.

Last year you spoke English less fluently than you (do) now.

Last night I (read) the book which you (read) now.

Last night I met the couple who soon (move) next door to me.

Last year I earned more money than I (earn) in the next five years.

The book I (read) in the last few days was lent to me by John.

I found out that yoga (be) a very useful practice.

6. Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul corect, respectand toate regulile de concordanta a timpurilor, precum si exceptiile:

I will come as soon as I (finish) my work.

He told me he never (see) the sea.

He told me hibernating animal (not eat) in winter.

They (know) each other for a long time before they finally got married.

I hoped it (not rain) when I (arrive) at the beach.

When we (go) to see them last night, they were listening to music, they said they (listen to) music since 5 o’clock.

When you asked me where I (spend) my holidays, I (not decide) yet.

I will do it when I (want) to, not before.

He was very upset because I (be) late.

I did not know that you (wear) glasses since childhood.

I was surprised that his son (fail) the exam, he (trust) his son and he (not expect) such a thing to happen.

When I finally arrived home, I (be) very hungry because I (not eat) anything all day.

He said he (have to) write down my address as he (not remember) it otherwise.

You will never know how much I (suffer).

A week ago, he decided he (change) his job.

He discovered to his horror that he (eat) the worms in the cherries.

After having visited Italy, my friends told me there (be) many small houses and narrow streets in Padua.

I hoped the company where I (work) (not go) bankrupt.

After we have finished dinner, we (drink) coffee and brandy.

He was very tired and he (hope) he (have) time to rest that afternoon.

7. Traduceti in limba engleza:

Nu mi-am amintit ca ne cunoscusem cu un an inainte.

Nu am stat acasa sa te astept pentru ca nu stiam cand vei veni.

Secretara mi-a spus ca directorul este ocupat.

Stiam ca esti in Bucuresti.

Era foarte suparat ca isi pierduse dictionarul si nu era sigur ca va gasi unul nou in librarii.

I-am promis ca ii voi scrie cand voi ajunge la Londra.

Hotul nu si-a dat seama ca politia il urmarea de o saptamana.

Iti voi spune adevarul dupa ce il voi afla eu insami.

Tata imi va da un cadou dupa ce voi lua examenul.

Masina pe cae o voi cumpara va fi importata din Germania.

M-a intrebat cate litere sunt in alfabetul chinez si nu am putut sa-I raspund.

Politistul ma va intreba ce am vazut in timpul accidentul.

LECTIA III

MODUL CONDITIONAL SI FRAZELE CONDITIONALE

Present Conditional (conditional prezent)

    Se formeaza cu should si would la persoana I si would la persoanele II si III, la care se adauga infinitivul prezent al verbului de conjugat.

Afirmativ

I should/would go We should/would go
You would go You would go
He/she/it would go They would not go

Negativ

I should/would not go We should/would not go
You would not go You would not go
He/she/it would not go They would not go
Forme prescurtate: shouldn’t, wouldn’t.

Interogativ

Should I go? Should we go?
Would you go? Would you go?
Would he/she/it go? Would they go?

    Se traduce cu conditionalul prezent din limba romana (as merge, ai merge, ar merge etc.).

Past Conditional (conditional trecut)

    Se traduce cu should/would la care se adauga infinitivul trecut (have + forma III a verbului de conjugat).

Afirmativ

I should/would have gone
    You would have gone
He/she/it would have gone
We should/would have gone
You would have gone
They would have gone

Negativ

I should/would not have gone
You would not have gone
He/she/it would not have gone
We should/would not have gone
You would not have gone
They would not have gone

Interogativ

Should I have gone? Should we have gone?
Would you have gone? Would you have gone?
Would he/she/it have gone? Would they have gone?

    Se traduce cu conditionalul trecut din limba romana (as fi mers, ai fi mers, ar fi mers etc.).

    Frazele conditionale (If-Clauses)

    Exista trei tipuri de fraze conditionale:
 
    Tipul 1
    Propozitia principala Propozitia secundara
    Future Present
    I will go to the seaside if the weather is fine.
    (Voi merge la mare daca vremea va fi buna.)
    I will stay at home if it rains.
    (Voi sta acasa daca va ploua.)
 
    Tipul 2
    Propozitia principala Propozitia secundara
    Present Conditional Subjonctiv cu forma de Past Tense
    I would go to the seaside if the weather were fine.
    (As merge la mare daca vremea ar fi buna.)
    I would stay at home if it rained.
    (As sta acasa daca ar ploua.)

Nota 1: Trebuie sa se tina seama ca subjonctivul folosit in propozitia secundara are forma lui Past Tense Simple la toate verbele, cu exceptia verbului „to be', unde se intalneste forma „were' la toate persoanele.

Tipul 3
    Propozitia principala Propozitia secundara
    Past Conditional Subjonctiv cu forma de Past Perfect
    I would have gone to the seaside if the weather had been fine.
    (As fi mers la mare daca vremea ar fi fost buna.)
    I would have stayed at home if it had rained.
    (As fi stat acasa daca ar fi plouat.)

Nota 2: – if poate fi inlocuit de provided (that), providing, supposing, suppose, in case.

    What shall we do, supposing he is late?
    (Ce vom face presupunand ca el intarzie?)

o       if not poate fi inlocuit cu unless

I won’t go shopping unless you come with me.
I won’t go shopping if you don’t come with me.

Nota 3: should + infinitiv poate fi folosit la tipul 1, in loc de Present Simple, atunci cand actiunea din secundara este posibila, dar improbabila. Acest tip de secundara este adesea combinat cu imperativul. In acest caz, should se traduce cu: in caz ca, daca s-ar intampla ca.

Ex. If she should ring up, tell her I am out.
    In caz ca telefoneaza, spune-I ca nu sunt acasa.
    De asemenea, should poate fi folosit in secundara la tipul 2 de fraza conditionala.
    Ex. If the police should find out the truth, we would be fined.

(In caz ca politia ar afla adevarul/ Daca s-ar intampla ca politia sa afle adevarul, noi am fi amendati.)
Nota 4: Atunci cand if este urmat de un verb auxiliar (ex. were, had, should), este posibila omiterea lui if, si in acest caz se inverseaza ordinea subiect – auxiliar.

Ex. – if he were here – were he here
– if it had rained – had it rained
– if he should come – should he come

Exercitii cu fraze conditionale

Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul corect, tinand seama de faptul ca fraza conditionala este de tipul 1:

If I see him, I (greet) him.

If you don’t hurry, you (be) late.

If she finds out what has happened, she (be) very angry.

I (lend) you the book if you promise to return it in time.

If I tell you something, you (promise) to keep it a secret?

Unless you study more, you (not pass) the exam.

If it (go on) raining, we shall have floods.

If you (take) a dog, you will have to look after it.

If I like the dress, I (buy) it.

Unless you come at 6, you (not find) me at home.

Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul corect, tinand seama de faptul ca fraza conditionala este de tipul 2:

If I (know) his phone-number, I would ring him up.

If I (move) to the country-side, would you visit me?

You (buy) this house if you had money?

If he were more careful, he (not make) so many mistakes.

What would you do if you (be) Prime Minister?

If I (give up) smoking, I would be nervous.

If I won the lottery, I (buy) a car.

Should he have a headache, he (take) a pill.

Were I in your place, I (not do) this.

Where you (go) if you had a holiday?

Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul corect, tinand seama de faptul ca fraza conditionala este de tipul 3:

If you had known English, you (read) Shakespeare in the original.

If I (work) harder, I would have succeeded.

If you had taken my advice, you (not get) into trouble.

If I (know) you had no driving licence, I wouldn’t have come with you in your car.

He would have been arrested if he (try) to leave the country.

I wouldn’t have come unless you (invite) me.

Had I learned English grammar, I (not make) so many mistakes in my translation.

If he (realize) it was so late, he would have gone home.

If I (not tell) him, he would never have known.

Had I been at home, I (answer) the phone.

Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul corect, tinand seama ca se poate intalni oricare dintre cele 3 tipuri de fraze conditionale:

It (be) better if you had waited.

If I (be) you, I would go home immediately.

I (answer) your question if I can.

He (tell) you if you had asked him.

If you (drive) more carefully, you wouldn’t have an accident.

If the child is good, he (get) a bar of chocolate.

He will be at the airport in time if he (leave) now.

If I (see) him, I would speak to him.

If he had written a letter to me, I (answer) it.

You (be) sick if you eat so much.

Traduceti in limba engleza:

Daca va ploua, strazile vor fi ude.

Daca ar ploua, strazile ar fi ude.

Dacaar fi plouat, strazile ar fi fost ude.

Vei prinde trenul daca vei lua un taxi.

Ai fi prins trenul daca ai fi luat un taxi.

Ai prinde trenul daca ai lua un taxi.

Te vei supara daca iti voi lua creionul?

Te-ai supara daca ti-as lua creionul?

Te-ai fi suparat daca ti-as fi luat creionul?

Ce vei face daca il vei intalni pe John?

Ce-ai face daca l-ai intalni pe John?

Ce-ai fi facut daca l-ai fi intalnit pe John?

Traduceti in limba engleza:

Il vei vedea daca il vei astepta.

Daca un cersetor ti-ar cere bani, I-ai da?

Ce s-ar fi intamplat daca ai fi condus cu viteza mare?

Nu vom merge la plimbare daca nu va sta ploaia.

Mi-ar placea mai mult piesa daca ar fi mai scurta.

Daca cina nu va fi gata la timp, voi manca la un restaurant.

Daca n-ai fi inchis fereastra, mi-ar fi fost frig.

As mai croseta un pulover daca as mai avea lana.

Mamaia ar fi un loc ideal pentru o vacanta daca n-ar fi atat de multi oameni acolo.

Voi fi dezamagit daca nu voi afla adevarul.