Puntea redreasoare (schema) - conectare surse

1. Conectare surse

Cum conectezi doua surse de 15V 10A pentru aa alimenta  un consummator (motor etc) care absoarbe 20 A.

2. Puntea  redreasoare (schema si alea doua forme de unda de la intrare si la iesire )

3. Ce este un microcontroller (schema bloc, definitie )

Basically, a microcontroller is a device which integrates a number of the components of a microprocessor system onto a single microchip and optimised to interact with the outside world through on-board interfaces; i.e. it is a little gadget that houses a microprocessor, ROM (Read Only Memory), RAM (Random Access Memory), I/O (Input Output functions), and various other specialized circuits all in one package.

A Timer module to allow the microcontroller to perform tasks for certain time periods.

A serial I/O port to allow data to flow between the microcontroller and other devices such as a PC or another microcontroller.

An ADC to allow the microcontroller to accept analogue input data for processing.

4. Ce tipuri de memorie exista

RAM (Random accdes memory) – Memorie rapida folosita in rularea programului rulat de microcontroller (la microcontr de ordinul KB) Continutul memoriei de pirde dupa dezalimentaare controllerului.

ROM (Read only mem ) folosita pentru stocarea programului . Continutul nu se sterge oprirea sursei de alimentare a controlerului

n common usage, the term RAM is synonymous with main memory, the memory available to programs. For example, a computer with 8MB RAM has approximately 8 million bytes of memory that programs can use. In contrast, ROM (read-only memory) refers to special memory used to store programs that boot the computer and perform diagnostics.

5. Ce este un convertor ADC (anlog to digital convertor)

Transforma un semnal analogic in semnal digital pentru a putea fi prelucrat si stocat de catre un sistem digital (microcontroller)

Caracteristici importante :

- numarul de biti (pe cati biti se reprezinta o valoare esantionata de ex 8 biti – se obtin 256 de nivele 2 la putrea a 8a adica)

- viteza de esantionare (de cate ori pe secunda esantioneaza semnalul analogic de la intrare)

- domeniul semnalului de intrare (se da in catalogul produsului 3.3V sau 5 V de obicei)

As the peripheral signals usually are substantially different from the ones that microcontroller can understand (zero and one), they have to be converted into a pattern which can be comprehended by a microcontroller. This task is performed by a block for analog to digital conversion or by an ADC. This block is responsible for converting an information about some analog value to a binary number and for follow it through to a CPU block so that CPU block can further process it.

6. Conectarea unui apermetru si voltmetru in circuit pentru a masura curentu si tensiunea pe un consummator

V voltmetru in parallel

A ampermetru in serie

M  motor (consummator ) poate fi o rezistenta

Lucrare: Modificarea tamplariilor - infocad Eseu: Normativ pentru prevenirea si remedierea defectiunilor la imbracamintile rutiere moderne

7. Semnallul PWM (pulse width modulation) Este folosit pentru a controla spre exemplu turatia unui motor sau intensitatea unui LED sau bec (de exem plu plafoniera de la masina care se singe treptat). Daca factorul de umplere creste creste si viteza motorului sau intensitatea becului.

Parametrii pentr semnalul PWM

factorul de umplere (duty cycle) este raporul dintre timpul cat semnalul e in high (adica portiune aia sub care scrie 50%) si perioada cat semnalul e in 0 (se exprima in procente)

frecteventa semnalului (frequency) (care e si inversul perioadei si invers)

Amplitudinea (amplitude) semnalului (cat de inalt e semnalul )

Variabile locale si globale

Local
These variables only exist inside the specific function that creates them. They are unknown to other functions and to the main program. As such, they are normally implemented using a stack. Local variables cease to exist once the function that created them is completed. They are recreated each time a function is executed or called.

Global
These variables can be accessed (ie known) by any function comprising the program. They are implemented by associating memory locations with variable names. They do not get recreated if the function is recalled.

8. Ce e un pointer

Un pointer este o variabila care pastreaza adresa unei date, nu valoarea datei.

Un pointer poate fi utilizat pentru referirea diferitelor date si structuri de date. Schimband adresa memorata in pointer, pot fi manipulate informatii situate la diferite locatii de memorie.

Pointerii permit de asemenea crearea de noi variabile in timpul executiei programului, prin alocare dinamica.

In declaratia unei variabile pointer se foloseste operatorul de indirectare

       tip_referit * var_pointer; //* este operator de indirectare

9. declarare si initializare pointer

The basic syntax to define a pointer is:

int ptr

In any case, once a pointer has been declared, the next logical step is for it to point at something:

ptr &a

This assigns the value of ptr to be the address of a. For example, if a is stored at memory location of 0x8130 then the value of ptr will be 0x8130 after the assignmen

9. Scrie un program pentru aflarea n factorial

Cu totii cunoastem ce inseamna produsul factorial al unui numar n: inmultirea numerelor intregi de la 1 la n.

include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()

10 Ce este blocul ALU din cadrul unui microcontroller  (in schema de mai sus e in CPU)

In computing, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and logical operations. The ALU is a fundamental building block of the central processing unit of a computer, and even the simplest microprocessors contain one for purposes such as maintaining timers. The processors found inside modern CPUs and graphics processing units (GPUs) accommodate very powerful and very complex ALUs; a single component may contain a number of ALUs.

10. Cum testezi un ALU

Ii dai niste date la intrare sa faca o operatie si verifici rezultatul dat de ALU daca este cel care trebuia sa fie (adica ii dai 2 si 3 sa le aduna si stii ca tre sad ea 5 si verifici ca rezultatul este 5)

11. Ce este protocolul de comunica tie CAN

CAN bus (for controller area network) is a vehicle bus standard designed to allow microcontrollers and devices to communicate with each other within a vehicle without a host computer.

CAN bus is a message-based protocol, designed specifically for automotive applications but now also used in other areas such as industrial automation and medical equipment.

12 Divizorul rezistiv

  

Tre sa calculezi tensiunea Vout in functie de Vin cu formula de mai jos (iti dau ei valorile

(Se foloseste legea lu kirkhof pentru a afla formula aia )

12. Dioda – are rolul ca lasa sa treaca curentul prin ea numai in sensul sagetii din symbol

Daca vrei poti sa inveti si caracteristica

13 Tranzistorul

Rolul :

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and power. It is composed of a semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be much more than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal.

Simbol

PNP

NPN

mosfet canal P

mosfet canal N

Punte H pentru controlul motoarelor

Desenezi asta  si zici ca tranzistoarele conduc pe diagonala cate doua pentru ca motorul sa se poate roti cand intrun sens cand in altul (Adica daca A si D conduc motorul se invarte intrun sens si daca conduc C si B motorul se invarte invers)

Diodele allea au rol de protectie a tranzistoarelor datorita faptului ca mororul este sarcina inductiva